Jorge Félix Arrate Mac Niven (born May 1, 1941 in

Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whos ...

) is a

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

an lawyer, economist, writer and politician. He has been

Minister of State Minister of State is a title borne by politicians in certain countries governed under a parliamentary system. In some countries a Minister of State is a Junior Minister of government, who is assigned to assist a specific Cabinet Minister. In ...

in the governments of Chilean

presidents President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...

Salvador Allende Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (, , ; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and socialist politician who served as the 28th president of Chile from 3 November 1970 until his death on 11 September 1973. He was the fir ...

(1970–1973),

Patricio Aylwin Patricio Aylwin Azócar (; 26 November 1918 – 19 April 2016) was a Chilean politician from the Christian Democratic Party, lawyer, author, professor and former senator. He was the first president of Chile after dictator Augusto Pinochet, a ...

(1990–1994), and

Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle Eduardo Alfredo Juan Bernardo Frei Ruiz–Tagle (; born 24 June 1942) is a Chilean politician and civil engineer who served as president of Chile from 1994 to 2000. He was also a Senator, fulfilling the role of President of the Senate from 2006 ...

(1994–2000). A long-time member of the

Socialist Party of Chile The Socialist Party of Chile ( es, Partido Socialista de Chile, or PS) is a centre-left political party founded in 1933. Its historic leader was President of Chile Salvador Allende, who was deposed in a CIA-backed coup d'état by General Augusto ...

arrate was during much of the 1990s the leader of the eponymous ''Arratismo'' faction in the party. During the

indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights violations committed in his native Chile by Spanish magistrate Baltasar Garzón on 10 October 1998. He was arrested in London six days later and held on house arrest for a year and a half be ...

(1998–2000) Arrate was positive to the prospect of Pinochet being judged abroad.Dávila, Mireya, 2019
Veinte años de la detención de Pinochet en Londres y sus efectos en el sistema político chileno
Conference paper.

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

. Given that his was contrary to the government stance he was removed from his post as minister in June 1999. In 2009, he was appointed as candidate for president of Chile in representation of the political alliance

Juntos Podemos Más Juntos Podemos Más por Chile (Spanish literal: ''Together we can do more for Chile'', ''Podemos'' is an acronym of ''Po''der ''Demo''crático ''S''ocial, Spanish for ''Social Democratic Power'') was a political coalition created in 2003, consisti ...

and other leftist political movements, obtaining 6.21 percent of the total votes in the elections of that year.Elecciones.gov.cl
Votación candidatos a nivel nacional, Presidente 2009

Early life

He is the son of a former navy officer, and municipal employee Juan Gabriel Arrate Ducoing and Ines Mac-Niven Seymour. He spent his early years in the

neighborhood of Plaza Brasil. He later moved to Viña del Mar (1945–1953) and then to Puente Alto (until 1965). La Tercera (Santiago), August 10 of 2003, Reportajes, p.18 He attended basic education in the Saint Paul School and the Mackay School of Viña del Mar. He attended secondary studies at the Instituto Nacional of Santiago de Chile. He entered law school at the

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

in 1958 and graduated in 1964. The following year he began

postgraduate Postgraduate or graduate education refers to academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate ( bachelor's) degree. The organization and ...

studies in Economic Development at the School of Latin American Economic Studies of the

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

. Between 1967 and 1969, he received a scholarship in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

to pursue a PhD in Economics at Harvard. He obtained the degree of Master of Arts in Economics. He returned home to the Institute of Economics of the University of Chile to wrote his doctoral thesis, which he never completed. Between 1973 and 1987 he was exiled in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte'') is the second largest city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, via the ''"Ne ...

and East Berlin. During the first two years of his exile he was executive secretary of Chile Democratico, coordinator of anti-dictatorship activities in the country. During his exile he was secretary of the Committee of Chileans Abroad.

Marriage and children

He was married for the third time with writer

Diamela Eltit Diamela Eltit in Santiago de Chile) is a Chilean writer and university professor. She is a recipient of the National Prize for Literature. Life Diamela Eltit graduated from college from Universidad Católica de Chile and pursued graduate stu ...

. He has two children from his first marriage with attorney Ana Maria Fernandez. His second spouse was the psychologist Maria Soledad Larraín Heiremans.

In office

At the end of 1970

president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

commissioned him for the purchase of the Zig-Zag Editorial Group and the management of the firm that replaced it, Quimantú Editors.Cosas (Santiago), August 28 of 1998, p.20 Later in 1971 he was designated as an economic advisor, and subsequently as chief executive officer of the Cuper Corporation (Codelco), where he was responsible for the nationalization of mineral deposits. In June and July 1972 he served at the same time, on an interim basis, as Minister of Mining. After the restoration of democracy in Chile, he served as Minister of Education (1992–1994) in the government of

. Later served as Minister of Labor and Social Forecast (1994–1998) and Minister Secretariat of Government (1998–1999) during the admnistración of

.Cosas (Santiago), May 20, 1999, p.38 Between 2000 and 2003, he served as ambassador in

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

during the administration of

Ricardo Lagos Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (; born 2 March 1938) is a Chilean lawyer, economist and social-democratic politician who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. During the 1980s he was a well-known opponent of the Chilean military dic ...

Academic activities

Arrate held teaching university functions since 1966, first at the Faculty of Law of the University of Chile, then at the School of Sociology of the Catholic University and the Faculty of Economics of the University of Chile. In 1970 he served as director of the Institute of Economy and Planning of the said university. In 1977, he founded the Institute for the New Chile-based in

, with the former minister of Allende,

Orlando Letelier Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (13 April 1932 – 21 September 1976) was a Chilean economist, politician and diplomat during the presidency of Salvador Allende. A refugee from the Military government of Chile (1973–1990), military dictato ...

. He directed the center, continuously subsidized by the Dutch government of different political orientation from its founding until 1991. He also led the eight International Summer School in Rotterdam,

Mendoza, Argentina Mendoza (, ), officially the City of Mendoza ( es, Ciudad de Mendoza) is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern si ...

and

, organized by the institute. Since 1987 he has been visiting professor at the

National University of Cuyo The National University of Cuyo ( es, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, UNCuyo) is the largest center of higher education in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. As of 2005, the university had 12 academic schools in the city of Mendoza and a delegat ...

(Argentina), the University of California,

Berkeley Berkeley most often refers to: *Berkeley, California, a city in the United States **University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California * George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher Berkeley may also refer ...

twice, and the

University of Virginia The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson, the university is ranked among the top academic institutions in the United States, with highly selective ad ...

. In 1992, Arrate was the first director of the School of Public Administration at the University of Santiago. from 2003 to 2006, he chaired the ARCIS University Corporation (Chile). In 2008 he was a professor at the

University of Talca The University of Talca ( es, Universidad de Talca) is a Chilean university located in the cities of Talca, Curicó, Linares, Santa Cruz and Santiago. Its headquarters and largest campus are located in the city of Talca. It is part of the Chilea ...

Political activity

Jorge Arrate started his political career in 1957, serving secretary-general of the Federation of Secondary Students of Santiago. In 1961 he was president of the Center of Students of the School of Law of the University of Chile and in 1963 he ran for the presidency of the Student Federation of Chile, with the support of the Communist and Socialist parties. In 1963 he joined the Socialist Party of Chile and in early 1971 he was appointed by the Central Committee of the Socialist Party as leader of the Socialist Professionals and Technicians. During his first two years of exile, he was the executive secretary of the group "Chilean Left Abroad" and "Chile Democratic" and international office coordinator of solidarity with the Chilean democracy, based in

. Between 1975 and 1977 he was the secretary of International Relations of the

, headquartered in East Berlin. He was a member of the Central Committee for the first time in 1978 and continued as a member of that body for twenty years. In 1984, he tried to enter Chile against the will of the military regime three times and was rejected at the airport of

and sent to

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

and Bogota. In 1987 he managed to legally enter the country and join local political work. On his return he assumed the task entrusted by the Socialist leadership headed by Ricardo Nunez, of promoting socialist reunification with the sector led by Clodomiro Almeyda. In 1989 he was elected in the first election by universal suffrage by a political party in Chile, as general secretary (at that time head of the organization) of the

Cambio de gabinete del gobierno de Aylwin

As head of his party, he ended its mission in the act of unification held on 29 December 1989. Subsequently, the "Congress of Unity Salvador Allende" held later that year in Valparaiso was designated President

. When the party still exercised presidency, Arrate was proclaimed by the

Socialist Party Socialist Party is the name of many different political parties around the world. All of these parties claim to uphold some form of socialism, though they may have very different interpretations of what "socialism" means. Statistically, most of t ...

for mayor of

in the first democratic municipal elections after the military dictatorship, in which was elected Jaime Ravinet, his partner in the list by the Christian Democratic Party of Chile. In 2005, he accepted the nomination as a candidate for senator from the

Coquimbo Region The Coquimbo Region ( es, Región de Coquimbo, ) is one of Chile's 16 regions (first order administrative divisions). It is bordered by Atacama to the north, Valparaíso to the south, Argentina to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, in which the

had not elect anyone to the Senate since 1973. Arrate lost the election, being chosen his running mate

Jorge Pizarro Jorge Pizarro Soto (born April 21, 1952) is a Chilean politician with brief Political Science studies. Since March 1997 he has been a senator for Coquimbo and was the president of the senate from 2010 to 2011. He is a member of the Christian De ...

and the conservative candidate,

Evelyn Matthei Evelyn Rose Matthei Fornet (born November 11, 1953) is a Chilean politician who served as Minister of Labor and Social Security under Chilean President Sebastián Piñera until July 2013. She was the Independent Democrat Union Party's nominee fo ...

. In 2007, he proposed to end the cycle of the ruling oncertación and face a new political cycle with a new coalition. In early 2008 several hundred members of his party asked him to declare his availability for a presidential candidacy with a new political coalition of the political left. Arrate accepted this challenge, focusing its efforts on the "reconstruction of a political project that proposes sweeping political and social changes in Chilean society", change the economic model and put an end to the "

democracy Democracy (From grc, δημοκρατία, dēmokratía, ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which people, the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choo ...

exclusive that exists today". On January 14 of 2009, he presented his resignation to the

, to addressing the

2009 elections The following elections occurred in the year 2009. * Electoral calendar 2009 * 2009 United Nations Security Council election Caribbean * 2009 Antiguan general election * 2009 Aruban general election * 2009 Caymanian constitutional referendu ...

supported by socialist factions outside the coalition government. These officially proclaimed him four days later. Its official proclamation as candidate of the covenant Juntos Podemos took place in a national assembly of the political left on April 25, a day in overtook the leader communist

Guillermo Teillier Guillermo León Teillier del Valle (born Santa Bárbara, Chile, 29 October 1943) is a Chilean politician, educator, and writer who is the current president of the Communist Party of Chile. He was elected to the Chilean Chamber of Deputies ...

, removed the evening of the election, and

Tomás Hirsch Tomás René Hirsch Goldschmidt (born 19 July 1956) is a leftist Chilean politician and businessman. He was the Together We Can Do More pact candidate for the 2005 Chilean presidential election, winning 5.4% of the vote. Biography Hirsch wa ...

Humanist Party The Humanist International (also known as the International Humanist Party) is a consortium of political parties adhering to universal humanism (also known as Siloism, after the nickname of the movement's founder), founded in 1989 by over 40 na ...

candidate. In July he lost the support of Humanist Party, who accused him of excessive approach to candidate

Concertación The Concertación, officially the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia ( en, Coalition of Parties for Democracy), was a coalition of center-left political parties in Chile, founded in 1988. Presidential candidates under its banner won ...

. The Humanist Party of Chile then went on to support the former

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

Marco Enríquez-Ominami Marco Antonio Enríquez-Ominami Gumucio (born 12 June 1973) is a Chilean-French, filmmaker, politician, and perennial candidate. From 2006 to 2010 he was a Socialist Party deputy in Chile's lower chamber. In 2009 he quit the party and ran for P ...

. Days later, Arrate joins the

Communist Party of Chile The Communist Party of Chile ( es, Partido Comunista de Chile, ) is a communist party in Chile. It was founded in 1912 as the Socialist Workers' Party () and adopted its current name in 1922. The party established a youth wing, the Communist Youth ...

for the sole purpose of complying with the electoral law. On December 13 in first round Arrate got 6.21% of votes, surpassed by the 20.13% of Marco Enriquez-Ominami, the 29.60% of

and 44.05% of the conservative business magnate

Sebastián Piñera Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique OMCh (; born 1 December 1949) is a Chilean billionaire businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022. The son of a Christian Democratic polit ...

. Days later he gave his explicit support to Eduardo Frei facing the

ballotage The two-round system (TRS), also known as runoff voting, second ballot, or ballotage, is a voting method used to elect a single candidate, where voters cast a single vote for their preferred candidate. It generally ensures a majoritarian resul ...

. He left the communist militancy in early 2010. After the presidential election, he joined the board of " The Broad Left Movement", he resigning in the year 2012 due to the approaches of the party leadership with the parties of the old coalition. Away from active politics for

2013 Chilean general election General elections were held in Chile on 17 November 2013, including presidential, parliamentary and regional elections. Voters went to the polls to elect: * A President of the Republic to serve a four-year term. * Twenty out of 38 members of t ...

decided not to support any candidate of extra-parliamentary left, otherwise he was to the formation of the covenant New Majority, which replaced the former coalition government.

International activities

Arrate chaired the Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Culture ( La Serena, 1993), the Andres Bello (based Bogota, Colombia, 1993–1994) and American Conference of Ministers of Education (

, 1994). In 1996 he was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of the International Labour Organization (ILO), a post he held for one year. In 1995 he was vice president of the Conference of Ministers of Labor

Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide. The movement originated in the aftermath o ...

New Delhi New Delhi (, , ''Naī Dillī'') is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament Ho ...

. He is currently a member of the

Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute The Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute at Washington University School of Law, established in 2000 as the Institute for Global Legal Studies, serves as a center for instruction and research in international and comparative law. Background ...

's International Council.

Writer

In addition to his collection of articles, interviews, and speeches, he has published essays and fiction. The most recent (2011) is the story collection "Unas Doradas". In 2010 he received the first prize in the genre "memory writes" delivered by a jury of the National Book Council by the text "Passenger in Transit," a true story of testimony and reports on their attempts to go back to Chile during the military dictatorship. One of his most famous books is ''Memoria de la Izquierda Chilena'' (2003) co-authored with Eduardo Rojas. Also coauthored with Paulo Hidalgo is ''Pasión y razón del socialismo'' (1989), on the history of socialism in Chile. ''La fuerza democrática de la idea socialista'' (1985), written in exile and published in several issues in his country, had wide influence on the political leanings of the final years of the military dictatorship and the beginning of the democratic transition. Brief political texts, collected in three compilations, have appeared in newspapers and magazines as ''Arauco'', ''Chile América'', ''Plural'', ''Pensamiento Socialista'', ''Convergencia'', ''La Época'', '' La Tercera'', ''

El Mercurio ''El Mercurio'' (known online as ''El Mercurio On-Line'', ''EMOL'') is a Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. Its Santiago edition is considered the country's newspaper of record and it is considered the oldest daily in ...

'', ''Ercilla'', ''APSI'', ''Análisis'', ''El Mostrador'', ''Rocinante'', ''Asuntos Públicos'', "Punto Final", '' La Nación'' (Buenos Aires), '' La Nación'' (Santiago), ''Le Monde Diplomatique'', ''Encuentro XXI'', ''Crítica Social'', and ''Letra Internacional'', among others.

References

Bando n° 10 de la Junta de Gobierno, "Orden a Lista de dirigentes políticos a presentarse ante las autoridades militares para ser detenidos", 11 de septiembre de 1973, Archivo Chile.com

External links

Personal Page for the 2009 elections

Interview in El Mercurio of October 26, 200

Column on the website "El Clarín de Chile" (September 14, 2008)

Interview on the website "Massive Magazine"

Interview on the website Terra of January 6, 2009

Interview with El Mercurio, April 25, 2009

Interview with El Mercurio of October 3, 2009
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrate, Jorge 1941 births Living people Chilean Ministers of Education Chilean democracy activists 20th-century Chilean economists Ambassadors of Chile to Argentina USC Gould School of Law faculty University of Chile alumni Socialist Party of Chile politicians Communist Party of Chile politicians Politicians from Santiago Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera alumni Candidates for President of Chile Chilean people of Basque descent Chilean people of Irish descent 20th-century Chilean lawyers Chilean Ministers Secretary General of Government